Museums and the memorialisation of slavery. Entangled narratives and undocumentable objects in Chile

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22370/syt.2025.11.4758

Keywords:

Slavery museums; museum narratives; human rights; national museums; community museums; expert communities; public science

Abstract

Museums globally that address the Atlantic slave trade and slavery generally present partial narratives that fail to effectively portray the complexities of the issue. Many of these narratives are dissociated from the current knowledge constructed by the social sciences, humanities and even the arts. The articulation between the actors involved in reproducing and combating dominant racist imaginaries allows us to debunk myths and stereotypes and to connect historical experiences with contemporary debates on social justice and human rights. The representation of slavery in museums in the Global North that are situated in the perspective of human rights is analysed in order to establish a counterpoint with the resilience approach, which is recurrent in community museums in the Global South. It then explores the narrative possibilities on slavery in the National Historical Museum of Chile despite the over-representation in its collections of the slave-owning elite, under the conviction of the absence of musealisable objects of enslaved people. Finally, it is concluded that this issue, which points to ethical commitments and policies of memory and reparation, little researched by museum and cultural heritage studies, is, together with collaborative curatorship, one of the challenges of public science.

References

Alegría, L. (2007): “Las colecciones del Museo Histórico Nacional de Chile: ¿‘Invención’ o ‘construcción’ patrimonial?”, Anales del Museo de América, 15, pp. 237-248.

Araujo, A. L. (2021): Museums and Atlantic Slavery. New York, Routledge.

Araujo, A. L. (2024): “The Gift: How Objects of Prestige Shaped the Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonialism”, The William and Mary Quarterly, 81 (3), pp. 603-606.

Barragán, R. y P. Zagalsky (2023): Potosí in the Global Silver Age (16th-19th Centuries). Leiden, Brill.

Benjamin, R. (2013): “Museums and sensitive histories: the International Slavery Museum. In Politics of memory”, en A. L. Araujo, ed., Politic of memory. Making slavery visible in the public space. New York, Routledge, pp. 178-196.

Brooms, D. (2011): “Lest We Forget: Exhibiting (and Remembering) Slavery in African-American Museums”, Journal of African American Studies, 15, pp. 508-523.

Campbell, S. (2021): “An appeal to supersede the slave trade triangle in English museums”, Atlantic Studies, 20 (1), pp. 33-57.

Carmona, J. (2024b): “Pensar el patrimonio afrodiaspórico en los museos chilenos. Perspectivas sobre la puesta en orden y la puesta en escena de objetos y cuerpos decolonizados”, Revista de humanidades, 49, pp. 29-55.

Carmona, J. (2024a): “´Saliendo más caro un esclavo (...) que un jornal´. Esclavismo y abolicionismo en el ideario de Manuel de Salas”, en Proyecto Afro-Coquimbo: la historia después del olvido, ed., Ensayos sobre la libertad: A 200 años de la abolición de la esclavitud afrodescendiente en Chile. Santiago, Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado, pp. 39-55.

Correa-Lau, J., J. Carmona, G. Carmona, V. Castro y C. Santoro (2019): “Entre Pablo Neruda y Rigoberta Menchú. Representaciones del pasado precolombino en museos de Chile”, Revista Chungará, 51 (2), pp. 191-200.

Cussen, C. (2006): “El paso de los negros por la historia de Chile”, Cuadernos de Historia, 25, pp. 45-59.

Cussen, C. (2013): “Esclavitud y mercado laboral de Santiago de Chile a fines de la época colonial. Una propuesta para su estudio desde una óptica económica y cultural”, en L. Geler y F. Guzmán, eds., Cartografías afrolatinoamericanas: perspectivas situadas para análisis transfronterizos. Buenos Aires, Editorial Biblos, pp. 43-56.

Cussen, C. y J. J. Martínez-Barraza (2021): “The economics of urban slaveholding in Santiago, Chile, 1773-1810”, Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 39 (1), pp. 99-127.

Faden, R. (2013): “Museums and the story of slavery: the challenge of language”, en A. L. Araujo, ed., Politics of memory. Making slavery visible in the public space. New York, Routledge, pp. 252-266.

Girault, Y. e I. Orellana (2020): “50 años después de la mesa redonda de Santiago de Chile: ¿En qué está la museología social, participativa y crítica?”, en Actas Coloquio Internacional de Museología Social, Participativa y Crítica, Santiago, Museo de la Educación Gabriela Mistral.

Gökalp, S., L. Védrine, A. Michel y M. Poinsot (2023): “Les représentations de l’esclavage et de la traite transatlantique dans les musées en France”, Hommes & migrations, 1340, pp. 162-166.

González, J. (2019): Cómo descubrí que mis antepasados traficaron con esclavos en Chile y el Caribe. Disponible en web: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-48405536.

Guglielmucci, A. (2015): “El museo de la memoria y el Museo Nacional de Colombia: el arte de exponer narrativas sobre el conflicto armado interno”, Mediaciones, 11 (15), pp. 10-29.

Hamilton, C. y P. Skotnes (2014): Uncertain curature: in and out of the archive. Johannesburgo, Jacana Media.

Hartman, S. (1997): Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Hartman, S. (2006): Lose Your Mother. A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Irigoin, A. (2020): “Rise and Demise of the Global Silver Standard”, en S. Battilossi, Y. Cassis y K. Yago, ed., Handbook of the History of Money and Currency. Singapur, Springer.

Knell, S., S. Macleod y S. Watson (eds.) (2007): Museum revolutions: How museums change and are changed. Abingdon, Routledge.

Jelin, E. (2002): Los trabajos de la memoria. Madrid, Siglo XXI.

Lamborghini, E. (2019): “Antropología de los museos y representaciones afrodescendientes: perspectivas teóricas, debates y propuestas”, Revista del Museo de Antropología, 12 (3), pp. 61-72.

Lawrence, A. (2022): “Transforming the archive of slavery at the Tropenmuseum”, en R. Bryant y E. Johnson-Williams, eds., Intersectional Encounters in the Nineteenth-Century Archive: New Essays on Power and Discourse. Londres, Bloomsbury, pp. 51-69.

Martínez-Barraza, J. J. y Cussen, C. (2024): “Trafficking Captives in South America’s Southern Cone: The Continental Route from Rio de la Plata to Lima in the Late Colonial Period”, Journal of Global Slavery, 9 (1-2), pp. 228-257.

Mello, C. y D. Suárez (2020): “Museo de la Maré: la nueva museología social en una perspectiva crítica”, Intervención, 11 (21), pp. 185-211.

Michel, A. (2020): Un monde en nègre et blanc. Enquête historique sur l’ordre racial. Paris, Seuil.

Ostrander, G. (1973): “The Making of the Triangular Trade Myth”, The William and Mary Quarterly, 30 (4), pp. 635-644.

Pichler, A. (2010): “Memories of Slavery: Narrating History in Ritual”, en N. Argenti y K. Schramm, eds., Remembering Violence: Anthropological Perspectives on Intergenerational Transmission. Oxford, Berghahn Books, pp. 135-163.

Riello, G. (2013): The Fabric that Made the Modern World. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.

Sandell, R. y E. Nightingale: (2012): Museums, Equality and Social Justice. Nueva York, Routledge.

Singleton, T. (1995): “The archaeology of slavery in North America”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, pp. 119-140.

Smith, L. (2008): “Heritage, gender and identity”, en B. Graham y P. Howard, eds., Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity. Farnham, Ashgate, pp. 159-178.

Sodaro, A. (2024): “‘Feeling Truth’: Objects, Embodiment, and Temporality in the National Museum of African American History and Culture (Washington, DC) and the Legacy Museum (Montgomery, Alabama)”, en K. Barndt y S. Jaeger, eds., Museums, Narratives, and Critical Histories: Narrating the Past for the Present and Future. Boston, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 25-44.

Soto, R. (2001): “Mujeres Negras: Sexualidad, Enfermedad y Salud en el Chile Colonial”, Ciber Humanitatis, 19.

Souza Chagas, M. de (2018): “Museu Integral”, en F. Santana, K. R. De Oliveira y D. Guarnieri, eds., Caderno da Política Nacional de Educação Museal. Brasilia, Instituto Brasileiro de Museus, pp. 89-91.

Taffin, D., L. Yssap-Rinçon, C. Chivallon, N. Bancel y S. Ligner (2021): “De la difficulté d’exposer l’esclavage et le colonialisme”, Hommes & migrations, 1334, pp. 49-55

Thomas, S. (2013): “Violence and memory: slavery in the museum”, en D. Ricfoft, ed., World Art and the Legacies of Colonial Violence. New York, Routledge.

Van Duuren, D. (1990): Oceania at the Tropenmuseum. Amsterdam, Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen.

Vicuña Mackenna, B. (1873): Catálogo razonado de la Esposición del Coloniaje celebrada en Santiago de Chile en setiembre de 1873 por uno de los miembros de su comisión directiva. Santiago, Imprenta del Sud-América, de Claro i Salinas.

Villalobos, S. (1990): El comercio y la crisis colonial. Santiago, Editorial Universitaria.

Von Oppen, A. (1993): Terms of Trade and Terms of Trust: the history and contexts of pre-colonial market production around the Upper Zambezi and Kasai. Hamburg, LIT Verlag Münster.

Published

2025-02-10

How to Cite

Carmona, J. (2025). Museums and the memorialisation of slavery. Entangled narratives and undocumentable objects in Chile. Sur Y Tiempo: Revista De Historia De América, 6(11), 32–55. https://doi.org/10.22370/syt.2025.11.4758

Issue

Section

Dosier Esclavitudes: entre dones, trabajos y museos